Should the Engineers Apply ‘Rhetoric Strategy’ to Popularized Technology?

Should the engineers apply ‘rhetoric strategy’ to popularized technology? Abstract Nowadays, it is common for engineers to overpromise or exaggerate the technology’s advantages while neglecting its potential disadvantages in order to get more attention and investment, which is actually a form of ‘rhetoric strategy’. In this paper, the notion of ‘rhetoric’ in term of technical field will be briefly defined, including the definition, the applying stages and connection with ethic issues. To develop the arguments, a case study of the development of solar co.uk/network-engineer/">energy technology will be drawn upon.Afterwards, the ethical cycle will be used to analyze its potential ethical problem. Last but not least, the conclusion will be given. 1. Definition of Rhetoric The best known definition of ‘rhetoric’ comes from Aristotle, who considers it a counterpart of both logic and politics, and calls it â€Å"the faculty of obs erving in any given cases the available means of persuasion† [5]. Generally, rhetoric is the art of discourse, an art that aims to improve the facility of speakers or writers who attempt to inform, persuade, or motivate particular audiences in specific situations [4].Two decades ago in UK, the notion of strategic science and technology emerged [1]. It is a different kind of research located in different way from traditional science and technology. Expectations and promises are investigated in strategic science instead of actually achieved understanding or immediate application. In this way, the rise of strategic science has created a ‘space’ in which promises can be floated, which is generally for whoever is willing to listen and specifically directed toward sponsors of R&D who have an interest in the promising areas of science.Such space is call ‘rhetorical space’, which voices promises about new technology, gets a hearing and mobilizes audiences . The rhetoric could increase the technology’s popularity and help R&D to attract not only capital investment, but also policy support, because sometimes government agencies are even eager to fill their portfolios with attractive-sounding R&D programs. 2. Stages of applying rhetoric To develop a new technology with rhetoric strategy, a spokesman (lobbyist), argumentation (statements in texts), and audience (creating presentations /brochures) are needed. 1.Firstly, to come clear the technology, definition of the umbrella term is introduced by engineers to the public. Now a technology in the rhetorical space can be defined in a single definition, it is possible to make an index of the technology development over time. 2. Secondly, to attract public attention, relevant articles with the topics (argumentation) of this technology is published to make the technology popular. Behind these articles are authors who try to convince readership. they are spokesman or promise cham pions, who speak for a technology rather than for an organization or own interest. . Thirdly, audience is another important pillar needed in the rhetorical space. To raise an audience, presentations are created. 4. Last but not least, to Interest the industry, public lecture is conducted by government or association of engineers. Because of such promotion, more industries will show interest in this technology. 3. Nexus connects Rhetoric to Ethics Issues As rhetoric is treated as the art in discourse, rhetoric is treated as the strategic science, in terms of technology.It is increasingly prevalent for engineers to apply rhetoric to introduce, describe and popularize the technology. At first glance, engineers just serve their technological enthusiasm, the ideal of wanting to develop new technological possibilities and taking up technological challenges, rather than their personal or others’ interests. It is reasonable and nature to exaggerate the bright side or use the euphuism to describe their technologies for engineers. Since technologies consist of engineers’ beliefs, values and desire to change the world.Based on Kant’s theory, the universal law would be read as follows: â€Å"Engineers can use the rhetoric to introduce, describe or popularize what they believe. † It is quite acceptable that people can picture the promising future of what they believe. Therefore this behavior is morally correct. However, the consequences of applying rhetoric seem quite unpredictable. We will introduce the case study of solar technology at next chapter as an example to demonstrate that, although the rise of solar technology is based on the good will of and technological enthusiasm of engineers and it riggers thousands of breakthrough in sustainable energy technology, there are some certain influence and relevant consequences neglected by society. 4. Case Study—Solar Energy Because of the energy crisis and environmental issue, the early deve lopment of solar technology started in 1860s [2]. Simultaneously, the rhetoric was used to increase its popularity. In the following century, solar energy technology was promoted by being positioned as renewable, sustainable, and eco-friendly technology to mankind, relatively well spread over the global.Besides, it was argued that the operating and financial attributes of solar energy technology including modularity, flexibility and low operating costs would be considerably superior to those for traditional fossil based technologies, which included large capital investments, long implementation lead times, operating cost uncertainties and regarding future fuel costs [2]. It was described as the ideal substitutes for existing technologies. Figure 1 solar panels Due to the successful rhetorical strategy, large quantities of companies got involved in this field.Some business realized that renewable energy would be profitable to invest in. Other business realized that getting involved i n solar energy technology would not only make money, but also benefit from the ethical way their business may be judged. They could win good reputation to create a loyal customer base by appearing to be ethic. Besides, governments provide state subsidies to support the development of solar energy in order to solve the environmental issue and energy crisis in the future. All of these actions push forward the development of this green technology to the climax.Thus, the rhetoric provide has provided solar energy plenty of capital investment as well as policy support. However, the disadvantages of solar energy were neglected in the early phase of development. It isn’t always as reliable as other forms of power and tends to be expensive to install and maintain, because the devices rely on a steady supply of sunlight to generate power. The equipment is not that efficient, typically converting just 10% to 18% of the sun’s energy into electricity [3]. On top of the price of pa nels themselves, the cost of installing them varies greatly by location and climate.By most estimates, it takes at least six years for the initial costs to be repaid in saving from power generation under the best circumstances, and double that time under less ideal conditions [3]. Besides, the batteries and safety serve as potential problems. Since it is impossible to generate solar power 24 hours a day, batteries are needed for most systems to store excess power for use at night and rainy days. Unfortunately, these batteries can be expensive and have a shorter lifespan than solar panels. The solar energy technology cannot perform as well as promised.In early 20th century, the solar markets tended to be saturated on account that the market was not as big as expected. Many companies getting involved in went bankruptcy. The development of the green technology slowed down, and even stagnated. Many countries (including Germany, Spain, UK, China, etc. ) successively declared that the sub sidies for solar energy will be cut down in order to control the overinvestment in this field. Many graduates majoring in solar energy lose their job because of the recession.Besides, the resources and funds of the whole society are limited, other substitutes like nuclear energy lose opportunities to be invested and developed when people’s attentions were all attracted by solar energy. Such unbalanced resource allocation caused by ‘rhetorical strategy’ restrained the fair competition among alternative technologies. The real promising technology can hardly stand out or even be crowded out if the rhetorical strategy has been utilized by other competitors. 5. Methodology Moral problem-solving is a messy and complex process.A systematic approach might even be required to avoid the reduction of moral judgment to mere gut-feeling without any attempt to understand the moral problems or to justify one’s actions. The ethical cycle is a helpful tool in structuring a nd improving moral decisions, trying to avoid certain shortcuts such as neglecting certain relevant features of problem [6]. Figure 2 The ethical cycle Phase1. Moral problem statement The problem is that engineers popularize their technology, using rhetorical methods is morally acceptable or not.It is obviously that engineers are the decision-makers and the moral nature of the problem is engineers might be misled by their emotions: their enthusiasm about a technology can lead them to overlook certain risks. All involved parties might be biased, and their emotions might reinforce those biases. Sunstein calls this ‘probability neglect’ and argues that emotions are especially prone to let laypeople neglect probabilities [7]. Phase2. Problem analysis Shareholders and their interests: Shareholders| Description| Interests|Engineers| Use rhetorical methods to introduce or propagate their own technology to audiences| popularize technology, attract investment andvalue by society | Audiences| Listen to the speech of promising champions and convince by engineers| transform the promising technology into social reality and take first move| Promising champions| Serve technology interest rather than every one’s interest and highly believe in the future of the technology| attract audiences’ attentions and promise the future of technology| Counterparts| Work in the same field of the rhetorical engineers and popularize their technologies based on empirical facts| Popularize technology without applying extra strategic science| Relevant, uncertain and possible missing facts: Engineers use rhetoric to popularize technology should take the active responsibility before something has happened. They should act in such a way that undesired consequences are avoided as much as possible. However the consequences are always neglected by engineers based on their personal emotion. The consequences are not always harmless.The indirect harm to counterparts, audiences and followers should take into account. Besides the uncertainty or disadvantages should be mentioned rather than neglected. Phase3. Options for actions Black-and-white strategy: Using rhetoric to popularize technology or popularizing technology based on empirical facts. Cooperation strategy: Applying rhetoric on some extents to popularize technology. Using rhetoric to describe or introduce technology, after considering the possible uncertainty and take every relevant shareholders into account. Furthermore, engineers should strike a balance between exaggerating the advantages and covering the disadvantages. Phase4. Ethical evaluation Formal moral frameworks: UtilitarianismCost| Benefit| The other promising technologies have been ignored and marginalization. | The particular technology attracts a lot of investment and attention. | The idea of creativity is restricted in this field. | Scientists and engineers operate a lot of research in this technology. | The technology has been prove d fail and lost a lot of time, capital and resource| The technology has been proved successful and promotes the welfare of society| Overinvestment can lead to a disaster| Investing in promising technology can lead to amazing profit| Promising technology has influenced youngsters career choices| Creating new direction for teenagers. |Informal moral frameworks: Intuitive framework In our opinions, the most acceptable and formulate argument should be that engineers should describe their technologies based on empirical facts and compete with the other engineers based on facts rather than rhetorical methods. Phase5. Reflection Criticism of utilitarianism: The consequences cannot be foreseen objectively and often are unpredictable, unknown or uncertain. Next to this there is the problem of distribution justice. Distribution justice refers to the value of having a just distribution of certain important goods, like income, happiness and career. Answer the questions for reflection:The ethica l theory did not quantitative give answers to the result. However the cost applies for all potential technology and the benefit comes from on particular kind of technology, which means egoistic. So on this aspect, the ethical framework provide reasons that support our intuitive opinion- engineers should describe their technologies based on empirical facts and compete with the other engineers based on facts rather than rhetorical methods. Phase6. Moral acceptable action engineers should describe their technologies based on empirical facts and compete with the other engineers based on facts rather than rhetorical methods. 6. Conclusion This paper discussed the ‘rhetoric’ used in scientific field.The seeming advantages of rhetoric strategy will undoubtedly attract large quantity of investment and public attention, leading to further development of the technology. However, the potential ethical problems can be serious and cannot be neglected. Due to the case study and ethic al cycle analysis, our view is that the engineers should popularize their technologies based on facts rather than rhetorical strategy, so that the real promising technology can stand out. Reference [1]. H. Van Lente& A. Rip (1998). The rise of membrane technology: From rhetorical space to social reality. Social Studies of science 28(2) 221-254 [2]. Cedric Philibert. THE PRESENT AND FUTURE USE OF SOLAR THERMAL ENERGY AS A PRIMARY SOURCE OF ENERGY. The InterAcademy Council. [3].What Are the Disadvantages of Solar Power? http://www. wisegeek. com/what-are-the-disadvantages-of-solar-power. htm [4]. Corbett, E. P. J. (1990). Classical rhetoric for the modern student. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 1. Young, R. E. , Becker, A. L. , & Pike, K. L. (1970). [5]. Aristotle. Rhetoric. (trans. W. Rhys Roberts). I:4:1359 http://rhetoric. eserver. org/aristotle/rhet1-4. html [6]. Ibo van de Poel and Lamber Royakkers. Ethics, Technology and Engineering. WILEY-BLACKWELL [7]. Sabine Ro eser. The role of emotions in judging the moral acceptability of risks. Philosophy Department, Faculty of Technology, Policy and Management, Delft University of Technology

My Life Alert Bracelet Essay

My Life Alert Bracelet will use many distribution channels to benefit the company success, and use strategies to help promote its product. My Life Alert Bracelet will take advantage of the special promotion provided by our company. We will establish an email database, so we can send customers our special coupons and invite them for the perfect sale events that we offer for that season. We can also attach our coupons to the customer’s receipts to allow future saving on their purchases. Therefore we will be using different advertisements to get our name out to all of the community near and far off. Our goal will be to display the product we offer. Another technique will be to advertise our low coast products to the local community and surrounding areas, by using the free publication aids to attract the attention of the viewers and other vendors that would like to purchase these alert bracelets for their own personal or business uses. Our company plans is to utilize local newspapers advertisements, and making sure we meet with inquiring customers so they will help get the word out through word of mouth from experience. Last but not least we will post flyers out in the local business and the community for the target market. My Life Alert Bracelet will have to persuade the potential audience that they want and need our bracelet for the safety of their family or friends. In the process of being successful with our advertisement can create and also nurture a sense of I want and I need this less expense product to benefit the safety of their family member. The best way our company can measure the effectiveness from our advertisement will be to see how many consumers was aware of our product and the service we offers, meanwhile making contact with the company to purchase our product. After the publicity has simmered down, our company will then compare our current data with our past data in a quarterly session to evaluate our positive success or our negative success of our company. Never the less many people are interested in staying and being more healthier, therefore many people are looking to use the My Life Alert Bracelet to properly identify their medical concerns in the event of an accident or any medical emergency. The M.L.A.B. will help the medical staff or medical personnel to assist you in a timely manner. The promotion strategies that will be utilized in our company will be as follow: 1.Sale Promotion will be one of the methods used to help out with our company promotion strategy. Sale promotion is commonly used for the increase in a sale for a short period. 2. Public Relation it will help develop a positive relationship with the media/media. this will hopefully help the company to handle all negative attention while remaining professional with a successfully mind frame. 3. Personal Selling offering face to face one on one sale to our customers, giving them the best quality sales. 4. Direct Mail this is personalizing the mail by putting the name of the target audience you are trying to reach out too. This will directed to a particular person in hope to increase sales. 5. Sponsorship this is networking in giving another organization the permission to list our product or use our logos. By using this method normally have high profiles that are seen by a large audience. 6. Introduction is when the new company is trying to get the word out that they are in the market we can utilize the push/pull strategies to help push the product towards the introduction stage called the lifecycle. 7. Growth after the M.L.A.B. product line has grown and the target market are happy to accept the lifecycle. We offer true loyalty to our value custom. 8. Maturity at this point our company will take full responsibility to encourage the target audience to purchase our product to benefit a life saving experience. This market research is done to indentify the main goal in purchasing this line of product. The M.L.A.B. main purpose is to help your family member in a time of a serious situation that is not caused intentionally. The alert bracelet will alert the medical staff if your love one wonder off or become ill, it will alarm the emergency hotline, and the emergency staff will place a call to the medical official which will alert the family member of the person condition. This bracelet will alert the medical staff of any medical condition you may have, and any allergic reaction you have or had at one time. The M.L.A.B. is sold at a low price making it affordable for person with insurance or non-insurance persons. We have booths set up at the local Mall or you can stop by the main building to make your purchase. The consumer today has become very demanding. They want high quality products as well as high quality customer service. Delivering value customer service is very important to our company. When there is poor customer service it may bring the value of our company down. The customer are not satisfied, and may bring a gap between the two of us because they might be thinking what should be done, and my company thinking how it should be done causing a dissatisfaction in the mist. When having customer’s complaints that we were not ready to handle at that time can make the customers seek other companies for their service. Our goal is to keep the customers happy at all times, the customers are the main focus because if they are happy then for profit will be greater. In saying that we look forward in customers satisfaction and we make sure we do our best in presenting quality customer service to maintain a quality profits.

The Next Hunger Games English Literature Essay

The narrative a subsequence. Its about a miss, Katniss. She lived in District 12 and got picked as testimonial to contend in the one-year Hunger Games, organized by the Capitol, the topographic point that regulations over a state called Panem ( what used to be the United States ) . The 1 who survives the game, wins. Merely one individual could win, but at the terminal they said two people from the same territory could win together. When Katniss and her fellow District 12 testimonial Peeta think they ‘ve won, they ‘re told merely one of them can win. Because they refuse to kill each other, they want to take toxicant berries so they ‘ll both decease. This is seen as opposition by the Capitol ( the Capitol regulations everything ) , and they are rapidly stopped. So, together with Peeta, Katniss won the Hunger Games. Because of Katniss ‘ behaviour, people are easy turning against the Capitol. The following Hunger Games, all the old victors had to be in the games once more, even though they would really ne'er have to once more. At the terminal, the staying testimonials are saved by Rebels and they are brought to District 13. Cipher knew District 13 still existed though. In the interim, Katniss has become the symbol of the revolution. She is the ‘Mockingjay ‘ . She does hold a twosome of demands. So she wants President Coin, the president of District 13, to allow unsusceptibility to all former victors of the Hunger Games. She besides wants to be the 1 who kills President Snow ( President of Panem ) . Peeta was non rescued by the Rebels so the Rebels decide to take action, and free Peeta from the Capitol. If successful, it is non the Peeta that Katniss can retrieve her. But when Peeta is saved, he attacks Katniss because he was brainwashed by the Capitol so he would believe that Katniss is the enemy. The Rebels, with Katniss as their leader, continue runing and they go to the Capitol. Their end is to kill President Snow. During this trip, a figure of Rebels are killed, including Finnick. Finally Katniss goes looking for president Snow by herself. Then parachutes fall down, the same 1s that were used in the Hunger Games to supply things. The kids instantly try to acquire them, but they are bad packages, because there are bombs inside. Many of the kids and the Rebel medical squad are killed because of this. Among these people was Primrose, Katniss ‘ sister. This has a great impact on Katniss. Finally Katniss gets to President Snow and they talk briefly. He tells her that non he, but President Coin was responsible for the bombs. Katniss does n't cognize what to believe, but if this is true so Gale was cognizant of this program, even though he denies everything. When Katniss gets the opportunity to kill President Snow, she remembers that she had one time made a trade with him ; they would ever state each other the truth. So alternatively of killing him, she shoots an pointer at President Coin. Commotion arises and it seems President Snow is dead, but it is ill-defined how he died precisely. Katniss wants to perpetrate self-destruction, but right when she wants to take the pill, Peeta stops her. Katniss does n't acquire pursued and goes back to District 12 with some others and they want to reconstruct the territory. Katniss eventually sees that it was inevitable to fall in love with Peeta. She did non necessitate Gale. Together with Haymitch, Katniss and Peeta create a book with the narratives of the old testimonials and others during who died during the rebellion. This manner, they would ne'er be forgotten. The book ends with an epilogue. Katniss is an grownup and has two kids, she is married to Peeta. The Hunger Games are history, but Katniss does non look frontward to the minute when she has to state her kids about the Games and the war.SubjectFerociousnessDescription of the chief characterKatniss Everdeen: Katniss is a 17 twelvemonth old miss. She is obstinate and independent. Her small sister Prim means a batch to her. She loves runing with her friend Gale. Because she did n't desire to be bossed around by the Capitol, she gave people hope. So she became ‘the Mockingjay ‘ .Description of two minor charactersPeeta Mellark: Peeta Mellark was a bakers boy. He ever had a crush on Katniss before they got picked to be testimonials. Peeta is really talented in picture. He is diffident, really sweet and would make anything for Katniss. Gale Hawthorne: Gale is Katniss ‘ best friend and they ever hunt together. He cares a batch about his household. He is rebellious and lovingness. He is in love with Katniss.Description of the topographic point where the narrative is setDistrict 13. This is the District furthest off from the Capitol. It is under the land, so it looks as if there is nil. But, under the land are populating a batch of people.When does the narrative take topographic point?The narrative takes topographic point in the hereafter. I know this because it is told in the first book of the series. The narrative is told inveterate.Who is the storyteller?The narrative is told from Katniss ‘ position.Explanation of the rubricWhen Katniss went into the Hunger Games in the first book, she got a pin with a mockingjay on it. That is the combination of a mocker and a jabberjay ( a bird designed by the Capitol to memorise conversations so the Capitol could descry on people. When the jabberjay ‘s got misu sed by the people being spied on, the jabberjay ‘s were released in the wild. Alternatively of deceasing, they bred with mockers ) . Katniss becomes ‘the mockingjay ‘ as a statement.Is the book merely meant as a narrative or is the writer seeking to convey across a message?I do n't believe there ‘s truly a message behind the narrative. Possibly if you try really difficult to happen some kind of intending behind the narrative you could believe of a message but I think that ‘s a small far-fetched.My sentiment on the bookI liked the book, because I was really funny about how the narrative would stop.Would I urge the book to my schoolmates?Certain, I would urge the book to my schoolmates. But, they should hold read the other books because this is merely the concluding book. If they have read the other books, I would decidedly urge the book because it is easy to read and it ‘s non really complicated ( unless you have n't read the other books evidently ) .Which portion I liked bestI liked the stoping best, merely because I wanted to cognize how the narrative ended.Which portion disappointed me mostI guess what disappointed me most was besides the stoping, because even though I loved Peeta, I in secret wanted Katniss to take Gale. She made the right determination though, but it still someway defeated me.How much clip I spent reading the bookI think it took me about a hebdomad to read the book, but I ‘m non certain how many hours.

What women need to know about Universities

A woman should gain many things from a university education. Simply obtaining passing grades and graduating with a diploma are not the only benefits of college. Another benefit should be the development of confidence and self worth. They should also be exposed to a diverse population and to beliefs that differ from their own. They should form lasting relationships with other people from this time in their lives. They need to grow, to change, to mature and to experience everything college has to offer. Women should be encouraged and supported by faculty, not just taught as a number. Finally, they should gain real life experiences, not just â€Å"book learning. † Universities today are not providing adequately for their students. SAU is as guilty of this as any other college. All too often, students are allowed to blend into the crowd. Students are not encouraged to be individuals. They are too often judged by someone else’s pre-set standards. They are made to feel as though they must look a particular way, dress in popular fashions, drive the right automobiles, and associate with certain people just to be accepted. Universities, SAU not excluded, still allow sororities, fraternities, and other organizations to include or exclude people on a whim. Those fortunate enough to be accepted look down on those who are not. Universities also overlook the needs of entire groups of people, such as older college students and commuters. Another area that SAU and other universities fail in is support for students. Advisors are often too busy to sit down and counsel students. Students must plan out everything and spot their own deficiencies, then try to remedy situations on their own. A final area that needs improvement in all schools is that of preparing students for the real world. Too often, all lessons come from a book. Faculties should provide students with genuine life and work situations. More practical experiences would help all students. There are people who graduate from college only to find they hate the jobs for which they have been trained. This might be avoided if there had been real world experiences. In summary, too many of today’s colleges and universities are teaching at the students, instead of simply teaching students as people. Until these college and universities recognize that everyone is not the same, this will not change. They should see that each individual has things to offer, and not expect everyone to conform to a rigid set of expectations. The world would be a truly boring place if everyone were just like everyone else. What women need to know about Universities A woman should gain many things from a university education. Simply obtaining passing grades and graduating with a diploma are not the only benefits of college. Another benefit should be the development of confidence and self worth. They should also be exposed to a diverse population and to beliefs that differ from their own. They should form lasting relationships with other people from this time in their lives. They need to grow, to change, to mature and to experience everything college has to offer. Women should be encouraged and supported by faculty, not just taught as a number. Finally, they should gain real life experiences, not just â€Å"book learning. † Universities today are not providing adequately for their students. SAU is as guilty of this as any other college. All too often, students are allowed to blend into the crowd. Students are not encouraged to be individuals. They are too often judged by someone else’s pre-set standards. They are made to feel as though they must look a particular way, dress in popular fashions, drive the right automobiles, and associate with certain people just to be accepted. Universities, SAU not excluded, still allow sororities, fraternities, and other organizations to include or exclude people on a whim. Those fortunate enough to be accepted look down on those who are not. Universities also overlook the needs of entire groups of people, such as older college students and commuters. Another area that SAU and other universities fail in is support for students. Advisors are often too busy to sit down and counsel students. Students must plan out everything and spot their own deficiencies, then try to remedy situations on their own. A final area that needs improvement in all schools is that of preparing students for the real world. Too often, all lessons come from a book. Faculties should provide students with genuine life and work situations. More practical experiences would help all students. There are people who graduate from college only to find they hate the jobs for which they have been trained. This might be avoided if there had been real world experiences. In summary, too many of today’s colleges and universities are teaching at the students, instead of simply teaching students as people. Until these college and universities recognize that everyone is not the same, this will not change. They should see that each individual has things to offer, and not expect everyone to conform to a rigid set of expectations. The world would be a truly boring place if everyone were just like everyone else.

Reluctant Fundamentalist Essay

In The Reluctant Fundamentalist, Mohsin Hamid uses a variety of literary devices to create the tone of confusion and agitation. By doing so, Mohsin Hamid also develops a theme of change. All these literary features combine to make an enthralling page-turner. One literary device used by the author to create restlessness in the reader is diction. The author intentionally uses words to create discomfort in the reader. â€Å"The twin towers of New York’s World Trade center collapsed. And then I smiled. Yes, despicable as it may sound (4-6). †The fact that the protagonist smiles at America’s misfortune only puts the reader at unease. Furthermore, the author himself suggests that the smile was a despicable reaction. However by making the reader anxious, Mohsin Hamid does only but one thing; lure in the reader to continue reading. This quote also denotes Changez’s change towards America. This is because, although Changez was â€Å"the product of an American university; (he) was earning a lucrative American salary; (he) was infatuated with an American woman (28-30)† his initial reaction to this incident was a smile. The repetition of the word â€Å"American† only creates the motif that Changez has supposedly become American. However after the attack, Changez’s smile only suggests otherwise; thereby creating the theme of change. Another literary device used by Mohsin Hamid to create a sense of confusion is the use of ambiguity through dramatic monologue. â€Å"It is hateful to hear another person gloat over one’s country’s misfortune. But surely you cannot be completely innocent of such feelings yourself (22-24). † Because the American does not speak, the reader is forced to create the personality of the American in his or her own mind. Thus, when the protagonist accuses the American of being guilty of such feelings, the protagonist is essentially accusing the reader of those feelings. The ambiguity of this quote further agitates the reader, yet at the same time forces the reader to continue reading in hope of finding more truths about the reader’s self. One more technique the author uses to develop the theme of change as well as compel the reader to continue reading is foreshadowing. After reflecting on his reaction to the attack, Changez still doesn’t know why he smiled; â€Å"So why did part of me desire to see America harmed? I did not know, then (30-31). † Although Changez is not sure why he smiled at the present time, this quote indicates that later on, the reader will find out why he smiled; another reason requiring the reader to finish reading the book. Simultaneously however, the author also foreshadows a lot of change is about to take place since we already know Changez is back in Pakistan and telling this story to an American at a Pakistani cafe. Literary devices and techniques are abundant in this passage, though they all merge to create a sense of perplexity and irony. At the same time however, they all merge to create the theme of change. Though all this contrariness simply obliges the reader to continue reading the book. Not only will the reader finally understand Changez’s reaction to the attack but the reader will also discover new truths about him or herself as he/she continues to read the book.

Failure to Thrive Syndrome Effects on the Physical and Cognitive Essay

Failure to Thrive Syndrome Effects on the Physical and Cognitive Development of Children - Essay Example This research paper drew on current secondary data to establish the effects of FTT on the physical and cognitive development of children. Prior results were supported. It is anticipated that this research will contribute to the body of knowledge investigating the effects of FTT on children. Failure to thrive (FTT) in early childhood is associated with developmental delays and is conceded to be associated with under-nutrition. The term FTT was used to replace a description of a syndrome of delayed growth and development called the 'maternal deprivation syndrome' (Wright, 2000). FTT, also known as growth failure, is not an actual diagnosis in itself, rather a descriptive term to identify a child or adult who does not meet established standards of healthy growth. In general, the term FTT is used when growth appears to be low, or has decreased over a period of time (Bassali & Benjamin, 2006). Wright (2000) defines this low growth rate in terms of growth chart percentiles, a fall of two centile spaces indicating mild to moderate FTT, and of three centile spaces to indicate severe FTT. A recent definition of FTT includes low weight-for-age, low BMI, low conditional weight gain, and Waterlow's criterion for wasting (Olsen, Peterson, Skovgaard, Weil, Jorgenson, & Wright, 2006) . It is evident that a combination of measurements is required to ascertain nutritional growth delays, and current longitudinal research is investigating the strength of different criteria to differentiate FTT and its subsequent outcomes (Olsen et al., 2006). Due to current medical technology there appears to be an increase in the numbers of children surviving an extremely low birth weight (ELWB;The aim of this paper is to identify the long term physical and cognitive outcomes in children diagnosed as having failure to thrive (FTT). First, a general background of FTT will be outlined. Second, recent studies that have investigated cognitive and or physical affects of FTT with children shall be presented. Next a discussion will provide a synthesis of the findings and the implication for children who survive FTT. Finally, a conclusion shall make recommendations for future research.FTT can be conceptualized as a failure of a child to meet expected weight, height, developmental and well- being standards (Wright, 2000). Predominantly, the FTT child is relatively undernourished and does not show a temperament or constitutional pattern that would be considered as within the norm for a child of their age. Organic disease, abuse and neglect, deprivation (i.e., low socio-economic status), and under-nutrition are all possible causes of FTT.n series of USA reports dated between 1980-1989 attributed FTT to 1-5% of the hospital admissions of children less than a year old (Bassali & Benjamin, 2006). It was also estimated that about 10% of children receiving primary care exhibited signs and symptoms of FTT. Although, internationally, developing nations tend to have much more common rates of malnutrition as compare to the

Internal and External Factors Affecting Four Functions of Management Essay

Internal and External Factors Affecting Four Functions of Management - Essay Example However, an organization that does not reflect on these factors is likely to flop since the external and internal factors will have dire consequences on its performance. To begin with, technology is one factor that has significant effects on the performance of an organization. In the current developing and developed world, many organizations are embracing technology to perfect service and product delivery. Some organizations were formed long before technology was enhanced. However, these organizations are benchmarking other organizations that have incepted technology in its operations. For instance, IKEA was formed in 1943, when technology was not enhanced. However, the organization has been able to enhance its technology to continue giving savored services. Apparently, it is considered that organizations that embrace technology continue to give unparalleled services and products to its customers. This is one factor that has enabled IKEA to attract a large market niche for its products. With improvement in technology, the organization has been able to offer high quality products and services. However, the induction of enhanced technology comes with i ts challenges and setbacks. First, the organization has to settle on technologies that will offer quality services. The technology should offer maximum utility to substantiate the investment in the technology. Secondly, technology is a huge investment which needs massive resources. Therefore, the organization has to collect massive resources in ensuring it is improving in its performance. Lastly, technology requires apt decision making. The organization has to make sensitive decisions on acquiring the stated technology. The second factor that affects the four functions of management is globalization. Globalization is a factor that has improved the performance of many businesses across the globe. Organizations that embrace globalization are likely to reflect a better performance than other organizations that are operating in a defined location. Spreading to other geographical regions exposes the organization to vast markets which create a greater demand for products and services. For instance, IKEA has embraced globalization by opening stores in many places of the world. Initially, the organization recorded low profits and revenue due to its location. However, the management decided to increase its market share by opening other stores in other countries. This has proved a positive approach as the business continues to sprout (Caglar, Kesteloo and Kleiner, 2012). Though this is a big investment, it is also a source of large amounts of revenue. For instance, IKEA has opened large stores in Sweden, Croatia, China and Germany. Previously, the organization was specialized in offering services in Europe. However, with the influence of globalization, it started offering services and products in many parts of the world. Apparently, the biggest stores that the organization has initiated are not situated in the same geographical region. The largest stores in the organization’s name are in Stockholm, Shanghai, Shenyang, Tianjin and Berlin. This shows that the organization is recording a positive performance from the diversity of its market niche. The availability of many markets across the globe ensures the

The process and the steps of pearl farming, including the benefits to Essay

The process and the steps of pearl farming, including the benefits to the environmental surrounding - Essay Example Eventually, the researcher will distinguish the differences between pearl oyster and a regular oyster. Prior to the conclusion, the researcher will discuss the positive impact of pearl farming on eco-tourism business in terms of the need to preserve the natural sea environment. Since the 17th century, the United States has been considered as a major source of fresh-water pearls. The â€Å"Tennessee River Freshwater Pearl Farm† which was founded by John Latendresse back in 1979 is the only freshwater pearl farm in the country. (American Pearl Company, 2008; U.S. Pearl Cultivation, 2008) In general, oyster pearls can either be produced in either fresh- or salt-water or both. Salt-water pearls are rounder, bigger, smoother and have a better luster. (Khulsey, 2008) Aside from the physical characteristics of these pearls, one of the most obvious differences between the two types of pearl is the fact that fresh-water pearls are cheaper as compared to salt-water pearls. Pearls that are bred for only a year is significantly cheaper than pearls bred for 30 years or more. (Journal Wuxi: Pearl of Taihu Lake, 2006) The scientific name of fresh water pearl oysters is known as the ‘Pinctada’ family which is totally different from edible oysters known as the ‘Ostreidae’. (Pacific Island, 2008) Silver- or gold-lip pearls mainly come from ‘Pinctada maxima’ whereas the black-lip pearls come from ‘Pinctada margaritifera.’ Saltwater white pearls in Japan’s white pearls come from ‘Pinctada fucata martensi’ which is also known as the ‘Akoya pearl oysters’. Lastly, the Keshii pearls in Japan can be formed either in fresh- or salt-water. (Khulsey, 2008) The sea water condition and age could greatly affect whether the oysters would have the male or a female sex organ. (Pacific Island, 2008) For this reason, maintaining the cleanliness of both fresh- and sea-waters is an essential part of pearl farming. When pearl

Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words - 4

Marketing - Essay Example This will be followed by the marketing mix of the company. The paper on the whole provides a deep insight into the company and marketing aspects of the M&S. The term marketing has a number of different views and opinions and there is a high level of confusion that can be found on this term. Different people from different industries have different views on the term. Ever industry uses the term marketing for different processes within the company (Webster, 1988). For instance, for a company selling coal, marketing is simply an understanding of the local markets and the cost that he can sell the produced coal. However marketing is very different for a person working for a company that sells products in the market. The alternative definition to marketing includes that by the AMA (The American Marketing Association). The AMA has defined marketing as, â€Å"The performance of business activities directed toward, and incident to, the flow of goods and services from producer to consumer or user† (OShaughnessy, 1984, p. 4). The above mentioned definition focuses on the distribution aspects of marketing and there is clearly no mention of the most essential aspect of marketing, i.e. the Four P’s. The AMA has revised this definition and changes it to a more comprehensive one in 1985 which explained, â€Å"The process of planning and executing the conception, pricing, promotion, and distribution of ideas, goods, and services to create exchanges that satisfy individual and organizational objectives† (Marketing Library, 2010). As seen the revised definition of marketing takes into account the various elements and concepts related to marketing. The newer definition of marketing is one which provides a completely rounded explanation of marketing. Market oriented organisations have a number of characteristics which include, a) Customer focus, b) Customer Orientation, c) Marketing Coordination & Integration, d) Long term focus and

Communication Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Communication - Research Proposal Example Lack of well co-ordinated communication has always made organizations especially the healthcare providers in big problems that may not be easy to solve ones they hit irreversible point. Some of the administrative issues in a healthcare facility and the sector in general include the adjustments required for the care to be given to the patients. This entails how the health status of the patient is progressing since the last medical service offered or administered at a given instance. Another important aspect of this has to do with management planning which need to be done in respect of the charges on the services offered to the patient. This is a very important aspect of management since the funds generated from the services and prescriptions administered to the patients and other clients forms the basis of successful operation and the overall quality of service delivery. Billing department has particularly been at the Centre of this problem when the nurses fail to inform them of addit ional services or prescription to the patients. This has always led to lack of accountability and significantly affect their planning. Introduction It is important for an organization to put in place interventionry measures for improving communication.Healthcare sector has been undergoing a myriad of changes that need in-depth consideration for any significant progress. Communication is one such tool that has been tasked to bring sanity among nurses and healthcare managers. Improper management of information has far reaching effects both to the healthcare stakeholders and the society at large. There have been several cases of legal battle and unethical actions resulting from poor consideration of communication as a fundamental tool for the nursing services provision. One aspect of this has always been realized from inadequate data to indicate the progress of the patients and guide the management on issues like billing and the overall performance of the nurses as they deliver their s ervices. It is important to note that information covers the better part of healthcare provision and in the event that this goes missing a significant loss is eminent. It is therefore important that a lot of effort is put towards improving the healthcare sector from training to actual practice of the nurses and clinician. Statement of the problem Among the several issues that have been discussed as the challenges to the healthcare sector communication is very critical and this calls for interventionary measures. This is the link between the nurses, management and the patients. It is therefore important that this is done with sound strategy and effectiveness for smooth co-ordination of activities in the healthcare facilities. The main focus of communication concept in this case is recording and retrieval of patient data to the administration. It is imperative that the nurses know that communicating an existing problem that pose a threat to the facility and the health of the patients is primary to the welfare of the society. Work-setting problem The inherent less attention given to some aspects of communication by healthcare management is critical when it comes to the overall performance of the sector. The healthcare management should also underscore the significance of free and healthy interaction with its staff so that it would be easy for them to note any anomaly in their behavior. The interest of the patient should come first since the cardinal role of the nurses is to save life and this would suffice the definition

American Revolution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

American Revolution - Essay Example They served to incite the growing desire for self determination that has been growing in the colonies for years. According to Doyle and Pamplona (2006), there was an emergent movement, which was facilitated by the print media (52). Middlekauff (2005) supported this when he pointed out the points where America began to be aware of itself not as a colony but as a collective body and eventually, a nation, eventually resenting the rule of a country on the other side of the world. The other position holds that the cause of the revolution fundamentally came from the age of revolution sweeping across France, Haiti and Latin America (Burnard, 2010, 3). This is the school that cites the influence of French political philosophy, for instance: that, though American Revolution inspired the French Revolution, the intellectual and political validations that gave rise to the movement for independence were part of the French political thought, which argued for an absolute departure from all past determinations, beginning with a clean slate, one that allows total freedom and political innovation (Looby, 1998,

Trade Preferential Arrangements or Regional Trade Agreements Essay

Trade Preferential Arrangements or Regional Trade Agreements - Essay Example 21). Though available, the preferences should not extend to all the trade activities between the two transacting countries. Also, the coverage of activities involved can largely depend on the type of agreements existing between the countries. Common forms of PTAs include the free trade areas. Most member countries involved in preferential trade agreements often belong to established geographical areas such as the North American Free Trade Area, European Union, Southern African Customs Union (SACU), and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations. The North American Free Trade Agreement is a common example of a free trade area that allows its member countries to enjoy free-trade opportunities. However, each of the countries is allowed to have its trade policies that apply to non-member countries that are involved in joint trading activities. The Southern African Customs Union (SACU) serves as an extension of the customs union arrangement. SACU member countries are allowed to conduct free trade, and an external trading policy is also applied to the non-member countries. SACU majorly covers South Africa, Lesotho, Botswana, and Swaziland. The European Union is an example of a full customs union that represents a common market. It allows for free movement of labor among its member countries. Lastly, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations consists of Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapore, Philippines, Thailand, Brunei, Vietnam, Burma, Laos, and Cambodia. The ASEAN community has a lot of influence on the trade, security, and political issues within the Asia-Pacific region (Bossche, 2008, p. 706). The North American Free trade Agreement gives precedence to the trading activities between Mexico, Canada, and the United States. The agreement allows for the elimination of relevant tariff as well as non-tariff barriers that are

The RNL company HR management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The RNL company HR management - Essay Example At the same time as this form, the employee's boss writes a review of the employee as well. When all this is complete the employee meets with his or her boss to discuss what is on both of the forms. This is not how RNL has always done things. They asked a consultant how they could improve their company's performance and the consultant suggested this kind of formal review. The results have been good from the change. RNL now is more profitable and efficient and gets much better communication from its employees about how things are done as well as how they complete their own job. Although these reviews are improving the situation, the managers of the company still don't like the fact that when they get the form it is not labeled with a person's name. This is because occasionally the things that the employees write are just mean and don't really serve any sort of constructive purpose to make the company better. If this form was not filled out anonymously the managers think this would sto p because people would not want their names associated with that and so they would only write actual issues down. The feedback that they receive is also usually not specific enough to be really useful. Management would like this to change as well maybe by adding more specific questions on the form.

Strategy Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Strategy - Research Paper Example The increase in returns has been accompanied by a significantly higher increase in the proportion of the cost of goods sold for period 3. This has led to a decrease in contribution and; hence, profit after tax. To increase contribution, the cost of goods sold has to decrease or the goods have to be sold at a higher mark up. An analysis of the individual brands shows that SOLO has a higher contribution as compared to SOFT. Furthermore, it can be observed that SOLO has higher sales to contribution ratio as compared to SOFT. This is an indication that SOFT incurs significantly high costs to sell. This in turn affects the overall company performance. Based on this, SOLO being more profitable, the company should focus more resources to marketing and in its research and development. From an analysis of the market share, it can be observed that SOFT has a higher volume market share as compared to SOLO. However, SOLO has a higher value market share. This means that more funds should be allocated to SOLO’s marketing and to increasing its value market share. To add to this, more money should be allocated to marketing SOFT as an increase in the sales volume will lead to an increase in contribution. SOFT should be given priority in budget allocation in marketing as it has a higher sales contribution ratio. From the analysis of distribution and sales volume of the two brands, Mass Merchandisers sells more of SOFT followed by specialty stores and then online stores. More resources should be allocated to supplying SOFT to mass Merchandisers as they sell more. For SOLO, more resources should be allocated to supplying specialty stores as they sell more units as compared to the other distribution channels. SOLO should be supplied to more specialty stores and SOFT to mass Merchandisers, as they are the biggest sellers of the respective brands. The cost of developing and distributing both SOLO and SOFT should be decreased or the

Risk management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Risk management - Assignment Example These are banks, insurance businesses, mutual funds, securities firms, investment banks and finance companies. A financial institution collects funds from private as well as public investors to use them in financial assets. Financial institutions play the role of mediators in share markets and debt security markets. Financial activities may include bonds, debentures, stocks, loans, risk diversification, insurance, hedging, retirement planning, investment, portfolio management, and many other related functions. Through these functions, funds get transferred to different tiers of economy for positively performing a business function (Babbel & Santomero 1997). When financial companies such as banks and insurance companies sell their products, they cover the risks which could be short-term or long-term risks. There are other companies called â€Å"Reinsurance companies† that sell policies to insurance companies to cover risk factors and save from big losses. Generally, reinsurance companies are big players and can write insurance risks directly. There is another type ‘captive insurance company’ that serves the limited aim of financing the risks of a parent company (Wikipedia 2010). Financial activities are risky business. From management perspective, some financial risks can be such that can be removed by following standard business practices, some risks can be shifted to other participant , and some financial risks must be managed proactively by the institution itself. Financial companies have their own financial risk management systems involving risk management techniques (Babbel & Santomero 1997). Generally, financial institutions, being the principal functionaries, use their own balance sheets to realise a transaction and mitigate the risks involved. Thus, most of the risks are for on-balance-sheet businesses. Financial institutions estimate

A Comparison between Male and Female Organizational Commitment and Dissertation

A Comparison between Male and Female Organizational Commitment and Turnover - Dissertation Example While various researches have been conducted on organizational commitment in the Western world, the Eastern corporate world, such as that of Qatar still lacks research on this topic. This research aims to uncover who organizational commitment differs among employees in terms of factors including but not limited to gender. In order to understand the concept of organizational commitment, this research depends largely on the contribution of Meyer and Allen and their three types of organizational commitment, affective, normative and continuance commitment. This research further takes inspiration from the organizational commitment scale developed by Meyer and Allen that is based on a Likert scale. The method of conducting the research was quantitative in nature where the questionnaire was inspired from Meyer and Allen’s organizational scale that was distributed among all the employees of XYZ Co., a leading gas company in Qatar. The results of the survey were analyzed using percenta ges and descriptive analysis. The results pointed to the fact that organizational commitment among males and females differs by the type; that is, males are more normatively committed with the organization while females are continually commitment. Affective commitment increases as employees move higher up in the organization because the organization gives more power in their hands. Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introduction 4 1.1. Background of the Study 4 1.2. Significance of the Study 5 1.3. Research Methodologies and Theories 6 1.4. Research Aims and Objectives 7 1.5. Ethical Considerations 9 Chapter 2: Literature Review 11 2.1. Gender Difference in the Workplace 11 2.1.1. Female Characteristics 11 2.1.1.1. Work Style 12 2.1.1.2 Conflict Resolution 12 2.1.1.3 Management Style 12 2.1.2. Male Characteristics 13 2.1.2.1. Work Style 13 2.1.2.2 Conflict Resolution 14 2.1.2.3 Management Style 14 2.2. Organizational Commitment 15 2.2.1 Impact of Organizational Commitment 15 2.2.2. 3 Comp onent Model of Organizational Commitment 16 2.2.2.1. Affective Commitment 16 2.2.2.2. Continuance Commitment 17 2.2.2.3. Normative Commitment 17 2.2.3 Levels of Organizational Commitment 18 2.2.3.1.1 The Level of Accordance 18 2.2.3.1.2 The Level of Identification 19 2.2.3.1.3 The Level of Internalization 19 2.2.4 Antecedents of Organizational Commitment 19 2.2.4.1. Personal Characteristics 20 2.2.4.2. Work Experiences 21 2.2.4.3. Job and Role Related Characteristics 22 2.2.4.4 Assessing Organizational Commitment 23 2.2.5. Male Organizational Commitment 24 2.2.6. Female Organizational Commitment 25 2.2.7 Comparison Between Male and Female OC 26 2.2.8. Organizational culture in Qatar†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 28 2.3. Employee Turnover 28 2.3.1.Definition of Employee Turnover 28 2.3.2. Types of Employee Turnover 29 2.3.2.1 Involuntary Turnover 29 2.3.2.2 Voluntary Turnover 30 2.3.2.3Positive Turnover 30 2.3.2.4 Negative Turnover 30 2.3.3 Reasons behind E mployee Turnover. 31 2.3.4. Impact of Employee Turnover 33 2.3.4.1 Negative Consequences 33 2.3.5 Male Employee Turnover and its Reasons 34 2.3.6Female Employee Turnover and its Reasons 34 2.3.7 Comparison Between Male and Female Turnover. 36 2.3.7 Reducing Employee Turnover. 37 2.4. Conclusion 39 Chapter 3: Methods 42 Chapter 4: Results 52 Chapter 5: Discussion and Conclusion 67 Chapter 7: References 73 Appendix 1 78 Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Background of the Study Today’s corporate world is becoming increasingly competitive as people from all gender, ages and races have entered the workforce in large numbers. In terms of gender, the attitudes of

Topic is listed in the details Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Topic is listed in the details - Term Paper Example Attention is then focused on-patient provider interactions and the impact of the larger ecology in which these interactions are nested. An exploration of future challenges and directions for mental health services for American Indians and Alaska natives, with emphasis on the role of traditional treatments, the promise of the chronology and issues raised by evidence bases practices (Strong,2012). Health disparities for minority populations are defined by sociopolitical contexts. American Indians are among American minorities in their historical and current relationship with the U.S. government. As a matter of fact, from their first contact, European settlers’ interactions with the native groups were characterized by conquest, seizure of resources, compulsory relocation, and systemic campaigns of genocide. The new government however continued these practices by developing policies of resettlement, attempted assimilation, and forced reservation relocation. By the 20th century, most American Indians tribes had been exterminated, dispersed, or driven onto federally created reservations.AS if not enough, on the reservations, the tribes continued to face threats to their identity from explicit government policies, for example, when federal laws banned traditional religious practices practices, the latter half of the 20th century for many American Indian native communities b rought self determination, self governance, community and cultural rights, and greater awareness of the challenges facing American Indian communities. Disparities in mental health for American Indians are inherently tied to the history and current sociopolitical landscapes experienced by this population. There are more than are currently 562 federally recognized tribes representing a diverse array of distinct cultural groups and a wide range of accumulation. There are more than 200 different languages with more than a quarter million f the 4 million

The Marketing Environment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Marketing Environment - Assignment Example Brands. Yum which was started by Pepsico Inc. is a major franchise with such names as Pizza Hut, Taco Bell, Kentucky Fried Chicken, Dong Fang Ji Bai and A & W restautrants. Its main operation strategy has been to establish a franchise (Cyrek, 2009). Franchising is using another firm’s successful business strategy to develop one’s business. The brand of one company is therefore used to sell by another according to a business agreement between the two (Anttonen, 2005). Just like Yum, Subway is a franchise. The main deifference is that wherass Yum offers a variety of services, Subway specializes in fast foods, with sandwiches as their main product. This specialization has given Subway an edge since it is easily identified with the sandwich which is its main widely recognized product. In a way it is the swift expansion program that worked to Yum’s advantage, yet presently they don’t seem to have anywhere else to expand to, since their company has saturated its primary US, European and Asian market (Subway, 2008). Subway still enjoys a lot of room for expansion especially to the newly emergent Chinese market. Marketing the sandwich is therefore a process that will keep expanding for subway in the near future. But the biggest key advantage Subway has is in its name, they mainly market their products in subways with passengers who just find the product very convenient to grab on the way to their destinations (Subway, 2008). Products such as sandwiches do well in markets where people have a relatively high disposable income. A busy environment in which people have tight work schedules that does not give them the extra time to cook for themselves also suffices. Subways which serve customers on transit are quite strategic for selling sandwiches too just as explained above. The main trends that affect the business is economic recession such as the one which started in 2007. Sandwiches may be delicious, but they are classified as luxuries and are thus

Risk management at wellfleet bank Essay Example for Free

Risk management at wellfleet bank Essay The 2007-2010 ï ¬ nancial crisis has brought credit risk and default to the forefront of the regulatory and political discussion. This case illustrates risk management in the world of corporate lending which is quite diï ¬â‚¬erent from the retail, subprime, and mortgage lending at the root of the recent banking turmoil. It is also interesting because Wellï ¬â€šeet (actually, Standard Chartered PLC; ticker symbol: STAN) is one of the few banks which successfully weathered the 2007-2009 credit crisis. Chief executive Alastair Dowes has to decide if the risk governance process is adequate to uncover mega-risks in light of the current risk-assessment process and the credit decision regarding a bn loan application. Working for the Chief Credit Oï ¬Æ'cer (CCO) as a senior loan supervisor, you have been asked to assess and review the risks in the proposal and to make a credit recommendation, i.e., whether Wellï ¬â€šeet should accept the loan application or not. At the same time, you are worried about gray-area risk decisions and, in particular, the fact that risk-adjusted performance measurement can rarely be automated. Risk governance requires executives to strike a balance between risk modeling and qualitative business judgment—a holistic (rather than silo-based) view of risks. You are preparing either an executive memo to the CCO and CEO or a presentation to WellFleet’s credit committee. The following questions are meant to guide your analysis: 1. How much credit risk should banks take? What avenues do they have to manage credit risk ex ante and ex post? 2. Research the history of WellFleet = Standard Chartered. How well has Wellï ¬â€šeet performed? Why and how has it avoided major problems in its corporate loan portfolio? Was the bank lucky or smart? 3. Analyze the risk management process at WellFleet Bank. What suggestions might you make to the CEO about improving the process? (a) What are the objectives of loan oï ¬Æ'cers and supervisors, respectively? What about the risk management unit? (b) Are the incentives of line and risk management units aligned? Why or why not? (c) How would you organize origination and risk management activities? 4. What risk factors drive the credit exposure to Gatwick? Analyze what a credit bet on Gatwick really amounts to. (a) Download stock prices for pure gold-mining companies such as Barrick (ticker: ABX) and Newmont (ticker: NEM) as well as a gold prices and the SP 500. Calculate the instantaneous return Rit = ln PPit . it−1 (b) Compute the correlation matrix for the 4 variables. How would you interpret the results? (c) Run a CAPM-type regression of the gold-miner’s return Rit on a constant, the SP 500 return Rmt the gold return Gt by OLS, i.e., estimate the following model: Rit = ÃŽ ± + ÃŽ ²Rmt + ÃŽ ³Gt + ÃŽ µt How would you interpret the results? What does it tell you about the credit exposure? 5. Calculate the Expected Loss, Economic Revenue and Economic Proï ¬ t for both proposals. What would your decision regarding the two credit proposals be? Why? (a) What steps if any could Wellï ¬â€šeet take to reduce its credit exposure to Gatwick? (b) What avenues are open to the bank to manage its credit exposure ex ante (before and in the lending process) and ex post (after the loan went onto its books)? 6. Given Wellï ¬â€šeet’s new focus on large corporate deals and its need to recruit relationship managers from investment banks, what are the challenges for the risk culture of the organization, and its style of risk management in particular?

Existence of youth culture Essay Example for Free

Existence of youth culture Essay There is debate within the scientific community about whether or not youth culture exists. Some researchers argue that youths values and morals are not distinct from those of their parents, which means that youth culture is not a separate culture. Others note that we must be cautious about extrapolating a current effect to other periods of history. Just because we see the presence of what seems to be a youth culture today does not mean that this phenomenon extends to all generations of young people. Additionally, peer influence varies greatly between contexts and by sex, age, and social status, making a single youth culture difficult, if not impossible, to define. Others argue that there are definite elements of youth society that constitute culture, and that these elements differ from those of their parents culture. Janssen et al. have used the terror management theory (TMT) to argue for the existence of youth culture.[5] TMT is a psychological concept that hypothesizes that culture originates from an attempt to cope with the knowledge of their mortality. Society does this by adopting a worldview and developing self-esteem. Researchers test TMT by exposing people to reminders of their mortality. TMT is supported if being reminded of death causes people to cling more strongly to their worldview. Janssen et al. tested the following hypothesis: If youth culture serves to help adolescents deal with problems of vulnerability and finiteness, then reminders of mortality should lead to increased allegiance to cultural practices and beliefs of the youth. Their results supported their hypothesis and the results of previous studies, suggesting that youth culture is, in fact, a culture. Schwartz and Merten used the language of adolescents to argue for the presence of youth culture as distinct from the rest of society. Schwartz argued that high school students used their vocabulary to create meanings that are distinct to adolescents. Specifically, the adolescent status terminology (the words that adolescents use to describe hierarchical social statuses) contains qualities and attributes that are not present in adult  status judgments. According to Schwartz, this reflects a difference in social structures and the way that adults and teens experience social reality. This difference indicates cultural differences between adolescents and adults, which supports the presence of a separate youth culture.

Introduction on the effects of obsessive compulsive disorder

Introduction on the effects of obsessive compulsive disorder Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), is an anxiety disorder that traps people in endless cycles of repetitive thoughts and behaviors. A person with OCD is plagued with recurring and distressing thoughts and fears that they spend hours distressing over (obsessions) that they cannot control. The anxiety produced from these thoughts lead to urgent need to perform rituals on a continuous basis (compulsions). The compulsive rituals are performed trying to attempt of preventing the obsessive thoughts and make them go away. The ritual might make the anxiety go away for a time, the person then must perform the ritual again when the obsessive thoughts return. Sometimes this cycle can take hours in a persons day that will interfere with normal daily activities. A person most often know their obsessions and compulsions are unrealistic, they cannot stop from doing them (Webmd, n.d,.). The purpose of this project is to provide a comprehensive five part project on obsessive-compulsive disorder. Part I describing the disorder, how it became a psychological disorder. OCD is classified as an anxiety disorder in the DSM-IV and the ways it has been studied. Part II Neurotransmitters that are linked to OCD; then the medications that are prescribed to a person with OCD. Will give information on how genetics contribute to OCD and the part of the brain that is affected. Part III the little known environmental influences that causes a person to be acceptable for OCD. Genetics play more to this disorder than the environment. Part IV Explain the best medical treatment and most effective treatment in helping a person overcome OCD. Then will present a treatment plan for Maria. Part V will explain the best psychological model that best applies in treating OCD and the new treatments that are developed and how Maria can have a productive life without obsessive-compulsive disorder. Maria who is a 38 year old woman, who lives in Pittsburgh, married and has four children. She was raised in a strict catholic family and continues to be devoted to her believes. Maria sometimes worries if she is devoted enough and over whether she is performing the rituals perfectly where she began doing rituals that takes up hours and hours of her day. Wit with anxiety she become more obsessed with staying clean and holly where she became more extreme in washing and cleaning, so she will feel clean and pure. Maria personal habits throughout her life include:, keeping her house clean, tidy, and free from clutter, brushing her teeth three or times a day, and wash her hands six to eight times a day, until two years ago she became more obsessed with cleanliness and religious rituals where she spent six to eight hours washing her hands, and cleaning her house that is already cleaned Her relationship with her husband and children are alienated, she refuses to allow them to touch or hug he r and insists they wash their hands all the time. The DSM-IV code for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder is 300.03. OCD is considered as an anxiety disorder. The diagnostic criteria are either obsessions or compulsions. Obsessions are recurring and persistent thoughts, impulses, or images that are intrusive that are not only excessive worries. A person with OCD tries or attempts to restrain or not pay attention to these thoughts and recognizes that it is only in their mind. Compulsions on the other hand are repetitive behaviors. Obsessions and repetition are intended for a person with OCD to prevent or reduce their stress or a frightful situation or event. The person recognizes their obsessions or compulsions are excessive and unnecessary and unreasonable. These behaviors take up a persons time and interfere with a persons daily normal functions (APA, 2002). Obsessive thoughts can include: * Persistent fear of harming others or self. * Concern with being contaminated with germs that is unreasonable * Intrusive religious, violent or sexual thoughts. * Need to things perfect and is excessive in doing so. Compulsions included: * Checking doors, stoves, water faucets, and lights. * Making lists over and over again. * Rearranging or realigning things. * Collecting or hoarding objects that are useless, such as, outdated newspaper, plastic utensils, or food. * Doing actions a certain amount of time. * Rereading or rewriting unnecessarily * Repeating phrases * Excessive washing that takes up hours of each day. (List taken from Rais, 2008 article titles Obsessive Compulsive Disorder). The things Maria did that are considered typical signs of OCD were spending six to eight hours cleaning her hands so she would feel clean, performing religious rituals that occupied hours of her day, cleaning an already clean house for hours a day, and avoiding coming in contact with her husband and children (case study 1, Kaplan university). Understanding the symptoms and history of OCD is important in determining why Maria had OCD in order to help her. First we will look at the biological reasons then the environmental reasons that would contribute to someone having obsessive-compulsive disorder. II Genetic There are several biological aspects of OCD. There are neurotransmitters that are linked to it, genetic contributors to this disorder, and different brain abnormalities that influence this disorder. Neurotransmitters transmit chemical impulses from neurons to neurons. Each neurotransmitter has various functions and different names (Durand, Barlow, 2007). Serotonin is of the neurotransmitters that influence our behavior. Serotonin is a chemical that takes one messages from one neuron to another (Dryden-Edwards, 2005). When serotonin are too low a person does things they normally would not do and tend to overreact doing impulsive actions. A person with low levels of serotonin are more quick to do abnormal behaviors. Serotonin is not found to cause the problem (Durand, Barlow, 2007). The brain looks normal in a person who has OCD. It has been found in the brain of a person with OCD, that there is more activity in the frontal lobe of the cerebral cortex, there are increased activity in other parts of the frontal area and the thalamus. A person with OCD is considered to have a faulty brain circuit, because of the low levels of serotonin (Durand, Barlow, 2007). When the cerebral cortex are under active a person has a hard time controlling their OCD behaviors and actions (Dryden-Edwards, 2005). There has been a twin study on monozygotic twins to find if genetic and environment had an effect on OCD. Data was collected on the family structure, health of the family, lifestyle of the family, if there were any complications at the babies birth, events that happened in their life, and other environment factors in their life. The results were more twins (both of them) had OCD behaviors later in life if they had parents that were anxious and depressed. This article concludes that genetics played a more role in OCD then the environment. The author suggested that more studies would need to be conducted to determine the exact nature between Genetics and the environment factors of OCD (Cath, Van Grootheest, Sillemsen,Van Oppen, Boomsma, 2008). Dr. James Kennedy, a Neurogeneticist, said a role in a person developing OCD if they have a relative that is affected with this disorder. In his article he said that the DNA (5HT1 D Beta) receptor gene is passed to their offspring (Mundo, Richter, Zar, Sam, McBride, Macciardi, Kennedy, 2002). Durand, Barlow state that genes play a role in certain abnormalities, the environmental causes need to be triggered in order to activate a disorder such as OCD (2007). After getting an understanding the research that has been done on the biological aspect of OCD, Researchers researched and noticed a strong correlation that genetics play a big role in a person developing OCD, but no factual evidence. Researchers have investigated and determine that an environmental factor influences a person having OCD. we can turn to what environment plays on someone have this disorder. III In the fourth century OCD was considered to be melancholia which is a Greek word that means black bile, if a persons OCD behaviors lasted a long time. In England in the seventeenth century, religious melancholy was established as part of an OCD disorder and derived from overzealous devotion to God (Allison, 2008). In 1907 Freud stated OCD resembled religious rituals. Rituals are done over and over to get rid of guilt. Religion was the universal obsessional neurosis (Yossifova, Loewenthal, 1999. p. 145). Freud also believed that obsessive-compulsive behaviors are caused by conflicts unconsciously in the mind that manifested in OCD illness. A person struggles between the desire and the actions of their conscious and their unconscious mind. They are urge to complete the actions of their unconscious mind, to get temporary relief from their high intense anxiety. Their conscious mind knows it is ridiculous and bizarre it is to continue to do these actions (Allison, 2008). In Marias mind s he felt she wasnt religious enough, where to get relief from her anxiety she would devote more hours than a normal religious person would to perform religious rituals hours each day. In Marias case she grew-up as a strict Catholic, which she continued through her life. She worried that she didnt measure up to the expectations to be considered pure or holy. This could have been the reason she had great amounts of guilt that caused her to do her religious obsessions and cleaning compulsions. Durand and Barlow (2007) state that in every psychological disorder, both genetics and environment have to be considered. Both are needed to activate OCD. Research supports that genetics play a major role in OCD, but need more research on the environmental factors to support Durand and Barlow theory. The diathesis -stress model is the best way to explain that situations in the environment along with the biological system will influence OCD behaviors. There are behaviors that are inherited which a person is vulnerable to, which can be activated under stress or an environmental situation (Durand, Barlow, 2007). As mentioned before, Maria was predisposed to OCD and it was activated from the environment by the petunias at the funeral. Once the genetic and environment influences are understood they can determine the best treatment In Marias case her mom showed strong OCD tendencies with the her many superstitions (genes). Seeing petunias at a funeral (environment) triggered the start of Marias obsessive compulsive behaviors. Maria had a genetic vulnerability for OCD; the environment was a factor in the onset of her illness. Environment factors that came from a horrible divorce or from traumatic events of sexual abuse (Grisham, Anderson, Sachdev, 2008). Religious factors play an enormous environmental influence that is correlated as a risk factor of having OCD (Higgins, 1992). Researchers found more often the causes of this disorder, is religious factors, the reason for this is a person feel they lack in their faith and feared they havent prayed enough or hard enough; their behaviors were sinful; or got contaminated from thought that were impure and sinful. Guilt thrives from these thoughts where they pray over and over again, repeatedly confessing to purge the fear that they are Doomed to hell (Higgins, 1992). Maria was apprehensive about her dedication and that she did not measure up to her religious expectations to be considered pure and holy. This could have influence her to have so much guilt which in turn caused her to do have religious obsessions. IV February 19, 2009, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved deep brain stimulation (DBS) therapy for those who suffer with OCD and other treatments have failed. To qualify for this procedure a person has to have had at least three SRIs that have failed. This device has been an on going study in four Catholic Universities since 1998 (Bates, 2009). The DBS is surgically implanted in the brain. It delivers electrical impulses to different areas of the fiber bundle in the front of the brain. It is programmed by a clinician and is based on an individuals needs (Bates, 2009). This device is not exempt from side effects, One that has been know is cerebral hemorrhage and brain infections, non life threaten have ever been reported. Studies had shown that this device has made great improvement in peoples life and some has even returned back to work (De Noon, 2009). A study that was conducted were quasi-experiments designs, which is where researchers manipulate the independent variable (the variable they manipulate) while measuring the dependent variable (what is being measured) Durand, Barlow, 2007). They observed the relationship between the different medications that were used to treat OCD to see if OCD behavior improved and which psychologically treatment made the most improvement. For example, in the article Brain Changes Quickly Following Intensive Behavioral Therapy for OCD, the author concludes there is a strong correlation between the increased brain activity and improvement in OCD symptoms (Douglas, 2008). Therapy and medications are helpful to help people with obsessive compulsive disorders. One known therapy that works for OCD is behavioral exposure. This works by having the person face objects, situations, places, and thoughts that the person fears and avoids. A person needs to be exposed repeatedly to the fearful things in order for it to work. Rituals are prevented by not allowing the person to perform their compulsions (Dell Osso, Altamura, Mundo, Marazziti, Hollander, 2007). Medications that seem to work for OCD people are antidepressants, those that are serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs). The six that are commonly used are fluvoxamine (Luvox), fluoxetine (Prozac), sertraline (Zoloft), paroxetine (paxil), citalopram (celexa), and clomipramine (anafranil). Studies that have been conducted concluded that Anafranil has been the most useful in treating OCD. Serotonin reuptake inhibitors work by slowing the reuptake of serotonin and postponing how it is affects the synapse. This serotonin increase produces changes in the receptors in nerve membranes (Korn,2001). With each of these medications come possible side effects, which do not cause any permanent damage. The most common side affects are sleepiness, dry mouth, and nausea. Anafranil has a few harsher side effects such as, heart racing, difficulty in concentrating, slower thinking ability, and weight gain. Anafranil (Korn,2001). Treatment for OCD In peer reviewed article, Cognitive behavior therapy and medications in the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder, the researchers studied to determine what treatment would best help a person suffering from this disorder. In their research they wanted to determine if cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) would be the best therapy, or Cognitive behavior therapy and medication, or just medication, or just a sugar pill known as a placebo. They concluded that CBT plus medication had the greatest outcomes. It was interesting the study showed no noticeable difference among those that took medication and those that took placebo, but when the person added therapy with the medication they made major improvement. Medications that seemed to work the best were those that are serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRI), Serotonin reuptake inhibitors showed more improvement in their moods to where they could finally work on their OCD behaviors. Combining CBT and medication has been known to be effective i n treating OCD (OConnor, Aardema, Robillard, Pelissier, Todorov, 2006). Another therapy that is known to be beneficial and make significant changes in their brain activity after four weeks is an intensive cognitive behavior therapy program. This program consisted of a 90-minute individual therapy session, and four hours of homework five days a week. The PET scans showed changes in normalized regional glucose metabolism and bilateral decreases in normalized thalamic metabolism. The PET scores also showed an increase in a persons right dorsal anterior anterior cingulated cortex activity along with improvement in their OCD symptoms (Douglas, 2008). Durand Barlow (2006) stated that the most common psychosocial treatment that is used to treat a person with OCD is exposure and ritual prevention (ERP). This is where a person is exposed to a threaten situations they fear or think are invasive. For example, if a person has a fear that their hands being contaminated, the therapist will encourage the client touch the object they fear and ride it through to the end without washing their hands, such as door knobs (Durand, Barlow 2007). When it comes to insurance companies or other third party reimbursement such as Medicaid fast outcome are important. They expect therapists to provide written documentation to justify the treatment and expected length of the clients treatment (Hill, Beamish, 2007). Purposed treatment for Maria Maria treatment plan would consist of cognitive behavior therapy (CBT), medication and family counseling. I think Maria will need spiritual counseling, first because of her religious Catholic background that has put a lot on her; she does not feel she can live up to those expectations where she spends many hours a day performing rituals in order to feel clean and pure. I would start by having her talk to her priest to get an understanding that she is clean, God accepts her, and she does not have to pray hours a day in order to feel accepted and considered clean. I feel spiritual counseling is needed first because if she can feel accepted by God she can begin working on the other OCD behaviors. It would be supportive for Maria to start on some medication to help decrease her anxiety when she begins cognitive behavior therapy. A plan for therapy would be then to begin with cognitive therapy to change Marias old thinking patterns concerning fears of contamination, plus to find different ways to handle stress and change her intense fears (Owens, 2009). The counselor would have Maria touch thing that she fears are contaminated and not be allowed to wash her hand afterwards. She will need to find ways to cope with her anxiety and stress when she has to reframe from washing her hands. Maria would be put on a plan that only lets her brush her teeth a few times day and limited to how many times she can clean and straighten her house, eventually she would have to skip a day in cleaning her house. Maria need realize nothing bad will happen if she doesnt have a clean house. Maria will also be restricted to the total of spiritual rituals she could do. It would be important to still be involved in her faith, but needs to limit the amount the time on spiritual rituals such as praying. The goal would be to change the t otal number of hours she spends in praying down to five minutes no more than two times a day. Family therapy would be, not to allow Maria to place huge demands on her children and husband to stay clean by not giving into her by taking a shower when they come home and not washing their hands every time she demands. Marias family will have the opportunity to express how they feel and doubt her love because she does not touch or get near them so she understands how her disorder affects them. It would be good to have a doctor explain OCD to her family. I would give Maria assignments each week to help Maria begin to be comfortable touching and hugging her children and husband. How this will be done is after leaning relaxation techniques she will be advised to do the weekly assignments in a relaxed state. On week one she will touch each family member on the shoulder and if it is fearful to do deep breathing techniques, then on weeks to come get her to comfortable hug her children without the need to shower. By going to family therapy will help change the dynamics in Marias family. In conclusion, there has been research done that suggest that genetics is the main factor in developing OCD. More research needs to be conducted on the environmental reasons a person has obsessive compulsive disorder to sustain that the combination of genetic and environmental factors a person end up having psychological disorders. Through accepting the biological and environmental factors of this disorder, specialists can comprehend the reasons of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder to better provide better therapeutic treatment so that it might be minimized in the future. I fully believe that Maria can change through hard work if she has spiritual and family counseling along with cognitive behavioral therapy and medication to overcome her compulsive behaviors that have taken many years of her life and rejoin her family in a healthy relationship. After, learning what researches believe the best treatment are and discussion a treatment plan I think will help Maria, we will discover the dif ferent therapeutic theories and new medication that are being devised. I will determine the final outcome of Marias disorder by applying these techniques. V To determine which psychological model that would best help a person with obsessive compulsive disorder it is important to understand the basic concept of each. Psychoanalysis is a verbal therapy to help a person receive freedom from their emotional pain. This model accepts the view of Freuds that the unconscious motives are created from some sexual motive (Fine, 2007). Cognitive model suggested that our thoughts influences behavior. This therapy was pioneered by Albert Ellis in 1950 and workes to get people to change their attitudes. This therapy is known as talk therapy and focuses on thoughts and emotions that lead to behaviors (Schonbeck, 2005). Psychodynamics model uses expressive or supportive methods to treat a disorder. Expressive attempts to relieve symptoms through understanding their thought and feelings that possible they might not be aware of. Expressive is that adults problems are created in childhood where they dont have the maturity at that point to make appropriate choices because how they coped to their problems as a child stopped working as an adult. This therapy teaches the person to learn new ways to solve problems to relieve stress and cope in more appropriate ways (Fine, 2007). Behavior therapy model deals with changing and eliminating behaviors that are troublesome. This therapy was pioneered by Joseph Wolpe which includes assertiveness training, operant conditioning, and desensitization (Schonbeck, 2005) Wolpe reported great success with the stigmatic desensitization for those with phobias (Durand, Barlow, 2001). Humanistic Psychology emphasizes a person to control their mental health. It suggests that environment factors influence a persons behaviors. It removes the stigma that people think therapy is and allows the individual to determine their own care on mental health (Wagner, 2009), it is a person-centered therapy ,where the therapist is passive in the clients care and tries to avoid interpretations (Durand Barlow, 2001). I would choose a combination of the cognitive and behavioral models in order to treat OCD. The rationale for this is research has shown cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) to be the most effective method to the treatment of this disorder. The cognitive model works on the thought processes, and the behavioral model works in changing undesirable behaviors (Schonbeck, 2005). The newest medication that has been approved for OCD is Luvox CR in January 2007. Luvox CR is an extended release from of Luvox SSRI. People are paying more attention to this method of having more beneficial outcomes (Jeffery, 2008). Now we know and understand the different treatments and medication in helping a person with OCD, I believe there is a strong possibility that Maria can overcome her OCD behaviors that she has. If Maria wants it and puts her whole heart into her treatment plan, she can have a bright fulfilling future. Once a person is able to get their OCD under control and is able to cope with the environment influences (stressors) in their life they may or may not need to continue medication. A person can be free from the problems of OCD and live a normal life. Maria can have this; it will be hard work but worth the price she has to pay to be free of this disorder that has held her hostage for so many years.

Eulers Totient Theorem

Eulers Totient Theorem Summary   Ã‚   Euler Totient theorem is a generalized form of Fermats Little theory. As such, it solely depends on Fermats Little Theorem as indicated in Eulers study in 1763 and, later in 1883, the theorem was named after him by J. J. Sylvester. According to Sylvester, the theorem is basically about the alteration in similarity. The term Totient was derived from Quotient, hence, the function deals with division, but in a unique way. In this manner, The Eulers Totient function à Ã¢â‚¬   for any integer (n) can be demarcated, as the figure of positive integers is not greater than and co-prime to n. aà Ã¢â‚¬  (n) = 1 (mod n) Based on Leonhard Eulers contributions toward the development of this theorem, the theory was named after him despite the fact that it was a generalization of Fermats Little Theory in which n is identified to be prime. Based on this fact, some scholarly source refers to this theorem as the Fermats-Euler theorem of Eulers generalization. Introduction I first developed an interest in Euler when I was completing a listener crossword; the concealed message read Euler was the master of the crossword. When I first saw the inclusion of the name Euler on the list of prompt words, I had no option but to just go for it. Euler was a famous mathematician in the eighteenth century, who was acknowledged for his contribution in the mathematics discipline, as he was responsible for proving numerous problems and conjectures. Taking the number theory as an example, Euler successively played a vital role in proving the two-square theorem as well as the Fermats little theorem (Griffiths and Peter 81). His contribution also paved the way to proving the four-square theorem. Therefore, in this course project, I am going to focus on his theory, which is not known to many; it is a generalization of Fermats little theorem that is commonly known as Eulers theorem. Theorem Eulers Totient theorem holds that if a and n are coprime positive integers, then since ÃŽÂ ¦n is a Eulers Totient function. Eulers Totient Function Eulers Totient Function (ÃŽÂ ¦n) is the count of positive integers that are less that n and relatively prime to n. For instance, ÃŽÂ ¦10 is 4, since there are four integers, which are less than 10 and are relatively prime to 10: 1, 3, 7, 9. Consequently, ÃŽÂ ¦11 is 10, since there 11 prime numbers which are less than 10 and are relatively prime to 10. The same way, ÃŽÂ ¦6 is 2 as 1 and 5 are relatively prime to 6, but 2, 3, and 4 are not. The following table represents the totients of numbers up to twenty. N ÃŽÂ ¦n 2 1 3 2 4 2 5 4 6 2 7 6 8 4 9 6 10 4 11 10 12 4 13 12 14 6 15 8 16 8 17 16 18 6 19 18 20 8 Some of these examples seek to prove Eulers totient theorem. Let n = 10 and a = 3. In this case, 10 and 3 are co-prime i.e. relatively prime. Using the provided table, it is clear that ÃŽÂ ¦10 = 4. Then this relation can also be represented as follows: 34 = 81 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¡ 1 (mode 10). Conversely, if n = 15 and a = 2, it is clear that 28 = 256 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¡ 1 (mod 15). Fermats Little Theory According to Liskov (221), Eulers Totient theorem is a simplification of Fermats little theorem and works with every n that are relatively prime to a. Fermats little theorem only works for a and p that are relatively prime. a p-1 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¡ 1 (mod p) or a p à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¡ a (mod p) where p itself is prime. It is, therefore, clear that this equation fits in the Eulers Totient theorem for every prime p, as indicated in ÃŽÂ ¦p, where p is a prime and is given by p-1. Therefore, to prove Eulers theorem, it is vital to first prove Fermats little theorem. Proof to Fermats Little Theorem As earlier indicated, the Fermats little theorem can be expressed as follows: ap à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¡ a (mod p) taking two numbers: a and p, that are relatively prime, where p is also prime. The set of a {a, 2a, 3a, 4a, 5aà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦(p-1)a}à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦(i) Consider another set of number {1, 2, 3, 4, 5à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.(p-1a)}à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦(ii) If one decides to take the modulus for p, each element of the set (i) will be congruent to an item in the second set (ii). Therefore, there will be one on one correspondence between the two sets. This can be proven as lemma 1. Consequently, if one decides to take the product of the first set, that is {a x 2a x 3a x 4a x 5a x à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. (p-1)a } as well as the product of the second set as {1 x 2 x 3 x 4 x 5à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (p-1)}. It is clear that both of these sets are congruent to one another; that is, each element in the first set matches another element in the second set (Liskov 221). Therefore, the two sets can be represented as follows: {a x 2a x 3a x 4a x 5a x à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. (p-1)a } à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¡ {1 x 2 x 3 x 4 x 5à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (p-1)} (mode p). If one takes out the factor a p-1 from the left-hand side (L.H.S), the resultant equation will be Ap-1 {a x 2a x 3a x 4a x 5a x à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. (p-1)a } à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¡ {1 x 2 x 3 x 4 x 5à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (p-1)} (mode p). If the same equation is divided by {1 x 2 x 3 x 4 x 5à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (p-1)} when p is prime, one will obtain a p à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¡ a (mod p) or a p-1 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¡ 1 (mod p) It should be clear that each element in the first set should correspond to another element in the second set (elements of the set are congruent). Even though this is not obvious at the first step, it can still be proved through three logical steps as follows: Each element in the first set should be congruent to one element in the second set; this implies that none of the elements will be congruent to 0, as pand a are relatively prime. No two numbers in the first set can be labeled as ba or ca. If this is done, some elements in the first set can be the same as those in the second set. This would imply that two numbers are congruent to each other i.e. ba à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¡ ca (mod p), which would mean that b à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¡ c (mod p) which is not true mathematically, since both the element are divergent and less than p. An element in the first set can not be congruent to two numbers in the second set, since a number can only be congruent to numbers that differ by multiple of p. Through these three rules, one can prove Fermats Little Theorem. Proof of Eulers Totient Theorem Since the Fermats little theorem is a special form of Eulers Totient theorem, it follows that the two proofs provided earlier in this exploration are similar, but slight adjustments need to be made to Fermats little theorem to justify Eulers Totient theorem (KrÃÅ'Å’iÃÅ' zÃÅ'Å’ek 97). This can be done by using the equation a ÃŽÂ ¦n à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¡ 1 (mod n) where the two numbers, a and n, are relatively prime, with the set of figures N, which are relatively prime to n {1, n1. n2à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.n ÃŽÂ ¦n }. This set is likely to have ÃŽÂ ¦n element, which is defined by the number of the relatively prime number to n. In the same way, in the second set aN, each and every element is a product of a as well as an element of N {a, an1, an2, an3à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦anÃŽÂ ¦n}. Each element of the set aN must be congruent to another element in the set N (mode n) as noted by the earlier three rules. Therefore, each element of the two sets will be congruent to each other (Giblin 111). In this scenario case, it can be said that: {a x an1 x an2 x an3 x à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. an ÃŽÂ ¦n } à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¡ {a x   n1 x n2 x n3 x à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.n ÃŽÂ ¦n } (mod n). By factoring out a and aÃŽÂ ¦n from the left-hand side, one can obtain the following equation a ÃŽÂ ¦n {1 x n1 x n2 x n3 x à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.n ÃŽÂ ¦n} à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¡ {1 x n1 x n2 x n3 x à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.n ÃŽÂ ¦n } (mod n) If this obtained equation is divided by {1 x n1 x n2 x n3 x à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.n ÃŽÂ ¦n } from both sides, all the elements in the two sets will be relatively prime. The obtained equation will be as follows: a ÃŽÂ ¦n à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¡ 1 (mod n) Application of the Eulers Theorem Unlike other Eulers works in the number theory like the proof for the two-square theorem and the four-square theorem, the Eulers totient theorem has real applications across the globe. The Eulers totient theorem and Fermats little theorem are commonly used in decryption and encryption of data, especially in the RSA encryption systems, which protection resolves around big prime numbers (Wardlaw 97). Conclusion In summary, this theorem may not be Eulers most well-designed piece of mathematics; my favorite theorem is the two-square theorem by infinite descent. Despite this, the theorem seems to be a crucial and important piece of work, especially for that time. The number theory is still regarded as the most useful theory in mathematics nowadays. Through this proof, I have had the opportunity to connect some of the work I have earlier done in discrete mathematics as well as sets relation and group options. Indeed, these two options seem to be among the purest sections of mathematics that I have ever studied in mathematics. However, this exploration has enabled me to explore the relationship between Eulers totient theorem and Fermats little theorem. I have also applied knowledge from one discipline to the other which has broadened my view of mathematics. Works Cited Giblin, P J. Primes, and Programming: An Introduction to Number Theory with Computing. Cambridge UP, 1993. Print. Griffiths, H B, and Peter J. Hilton. A Comprehensive Textbook of Classical Mathematics: A Contemporary Interpretation. London: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co, 1970. Print. KrÃÅ'Å’iÃÅ' zÃÅ'Å’ek, M., et al. 17 Lectures on Fermat Numbers: From Number Theory to Geometry. Springer, 2001. Print. Liskov, Moses. Fermats Little Theorem. Encyclopedia of Cryptography and Security, pp. 221-221. Wardlaw, William P. Eulers Theorem for Polynomials. Ft. Belvoir: Defense Technical Information Center, 1990. Print.